मृगौलाशास्त्र
यस प्रमुख पृष्ठले विकिपिडियाको शीघ्र मेटाउने मापदण्ड– एक परीक्षण पृष्ठ–पूरा गर्नसक्छ। यो मापदण्ड प्रयोगस्थलहरू र प्रयोगकर्ता नामस्थानका पृष्ठहरूमा लागू हुँदैन। हेर्नुहोस् शीमे सा२।
यदि प्रमुख पृष्ठले शीघ्र मेटाउने मापदण्ड पूरा नगरे, वा तपाईँ यसलाई सुधार्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने, तर आफैँले सिर्जना गर्नुभएका पृष्ठहरूबाट यो सूचना नहटाउनुहोला। यदि तपाईँले पृष्ठ सृजना गर्नुभयो र मेटाउनको लागि दिइएको कारणसँग सहमत हुनुहुन्न भने, तल रहेको निलो बाकसलाई थिच्नुहोला र आफ्नो विचार व्यक्त गर्नुहोला। तपाईँले वार्तालाप पृष्ठ समेत जाँच गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ कि तपाईँले कुनै प्रतिक्रिया प्राप्त गर्नुभयो वा गर्नुभएन। एकपटक यो सूचना राखिसकेपछि, निर्विवाद रूपमा शीघ्र मेटाउने मापदण्ड पूरा गरेमा, वा यदि यस वार्तालापमा थपिएको स्पष्टीकरण अपर्याप्त भएमा कुनै पनि समयमा प्रमुख पृष्ठ मेटाउन सकिनेछ।
लेखकलाई अनुरोध: तपाईँले अहिलेसम्म लेखको वार्तालापमा प्रतिक्रिया दिनुभएको छैन। यदि तपाईँ प्रमुख पृष्ठ मेटाउन असहमत हुनुन्छ भने, माथिको बटन थिचेर पृष्ठलाई किन नमेटने भन्ने विषयमा वार्तालापमा आफ्नो सन्देश छोड्न सक्नुहुनेछ। यदि तपाईँले वार्तापृष्ठमा सन्देश छोड्नुभएको छ तर त्यो अझै देखाइएको छैन भने, पृष्ठको क्यास सफा पार्नुहोस्। यस पष्ठको अन्तिम सम्पादक: हिमाल सुबेदी (योगदान • लग) समय: ११:०७, १८ अक्टोबर २०२१ (UTC) (३ दिन पहिले) |
Nephrology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with the study of the function र diseases of the kidney. The word nephrology is derived from the Greek word nephros, which means "kidney", र the suffix -ology, or "study of".
Scope of the specialty[सम्पादन गर्ने]
Most diseases affecting the kidney are not limited to the organ itself, but are systemic disorders. Nephrology concerns itself with the diagnosis of kidney disease र its treatment (medication, dialysis), र follow-up of renal transplant patients. Additionally, most nephrologists consider themselves to be expert in the care of electrolyte disorders र hypertension. Given that most renal conditions are chronic, nephrologists "grow with their patients".
Who sees a nephrologist?[सम्पादन गर्ने]
Patients are referred to nephrology specialists for various different reasons, such as :
- Acute renal failure, a sudden loss of renal function
- Chronic renal failure; another doctor has detected symptoms of declining renal function, often a rise in creatinine.
- Hematuria (blood loss in the urine)
- Proteinuria the loss of protein especially albumin in the urine
- Kidney stones
- Cancer of the kidney, mostly renal cell carcinoma but this is usually the domain of the urologist
- Chronic or recurrent urinary tract infections
- Hypertension that has failed to respond to multiple forms of anti-hypertensive medication or could have a secondary cause
- Electrolyte disorders or acid/base imbalance
Urologists are surgical specialists of the urinary tract. They are involved in renal diseases that might be amenable to surgery:
Diagnosis[सम्पादन गर्ने]
As with the rest of medicine, important clues as to the cause of any symptom are gained in the history र physical examination.
Laboratory tests are almost always aimed at: urea, creatinine, electrolytes, र urinalysis-- which is frequently the key test in suggesting a diagnosis.
More specialized tests can be ordered to discover or link certain systemic diseases to kidney failure such as hepatitis b or hepatitis c, lupus serologies, paraproteinemias such as amyloidosis or multiple myeloma or various other systemic diseases that lead to kidney failure. Collection of a २४-hour sample of urine can give valuable information on the filtering capacity of the kidney र the amount of protein loss in some forms of kidney disease. However, २४-hour urine samples have recently, in the setting of chronic renal disease, been replaced by spot urine ratio of protein र creatinine.
Other tests often performed by nephrologists are:
- Renal biopsy, to obtain a tissue diagnosis of a disorder when the exact nature or stage remains uncertain.;
- Ultrasound scanning of the urinary tract र occasionally examining the renal blood vessels;
- CT scanning when mass lesions are suspected or to help diagnosis nephrolithiasis;
- Scintigraphy (nuclear medicine) for accurate measurment of renal function (rarely done), diagnosis of renal artery disease, or 'split function' of each kidney;
- Angiography or Magnetic resonance imaging angiography when the blood vessels might be affected
Therapy[सम्पादन गर्ने]
Many kidney diseases are treated with medication, such as steroids, DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), antihypertensives (many kidney diseases feature hypertension). Often erythropoietin र vitamin D treatment is required to replace these two hormones, the production of which stagnates in chronic renal disease.
When symptoms of renal failure become too severe, dialysis might be required. Please refer to dialysis for a comprehensive account of this treatment.
If patients proceed to renal transplant, nephrologist often monitor the immunosuppressive regimen र the infections that can occur at this stage.
External links[सम्पादन गर्ने]
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