"जलवायु परिवर्तन" का संशोधनहरू बिचको अन्तर

विकिपिडिया, एक स्वतन्त्र विश्वकोशबाट
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काटछाँट गरियो
कुनै सम्पादन सारांश छैन
पङ्क्ति ८: पङ्क्ति ८:
[[चित्र:Instrumental Temperature Record.png|thumb|280px|वैश्‍विक मध्‍य सतहको ताप 1961-1990 को सापेक्ष भन्दा अलग छ]]
[[चित्र:Instrumental Temperature Record.png|thumb|280px|वैश्‍विक मध्‍य सतहको ताप 1961-1990 को सापेक्ष भन्दा अलग छ]]
[[चित्र:Global Warming Map.jpg|thumb|280px|1995 देखि 2004 को समयमा औसत धरातलीय तापमान 1940 देखि 1980 सम्मको औसत तापमान भन्दा भिन्न देखिन्छ]]
[[चित्र:Global Warming Map.jpg|thumb|280px|1995 देखि 2004 को समयमा औसत धरातलीय तापमान 1940 देखि 1980 सम्मको औसत तापमान भन्दा भिन्न देखिन्छ]]
'''भूमंडलीय ऊष्मीकरण''' (ग्‍लोबल वर्मिंग)को अर्थ [[पृथ्वी|पृथ्‍वी]]को निकटस्‍थ-सतहको वायु र [[महासागर]]को [[औसत तापमान]] ([[:en:Instrumental temperature record|average measured temperature]])मा 20औं शताब्‍दी देखि भैरहेको वृद्धि र त्यसको अनुमानित निरन्तरता हो।
'''भूमंडलीय ऊष्मीकरण''' (ग्‍लोबल वर्मिंग)को अर्थ [[पृथ्वी|पृथ्‍वी]]को निकटस्‍थ-सतहको वायु र [[महासागर]]को [[औसत तापमान]]मा 20औं शताब्‍दी देखि भैरहेको वृद्धि र त्यसको अनुमानित निरन्तरता हो।


== सन्दर्भ सामग्री ==
== सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू ==
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<references/>


== थप पढ्नुहोस्==
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| year= 2005-06
| url=http://www.abi.org.uk/Display/File/Child/552/Financial_Risks_of_Climate_Change.pdf
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| last = Barnett | first = Tim P.
| coauthors = J. C. Adam, D. P. Lettenmaier
| date = [[2005-11-17]]
| title = Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions
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| date = [[2006-12-07]]
| title = Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
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| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
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| first = Onelack | last= Choi
| coauthors = Ann Fisher
| date = May 2005
| title = The Impacts of Socioeconomic Development and Climate Change on Severe Weather Catastrophe Losses: Mid-Atlantic Region (MAR) and the U.S.
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| year = 2005
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| publisher = Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research Occasional Paper #58
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| authorlink=Kerry Emanuel
| date= [[2005-08-04]]
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| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
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| last=Hansen | first=James
| authorlink=James Hansen
| coauthors=Larissa Nazarenko, Reto Ruedy, Makiko Sato, Josh Willis, Anthony Del Genio, Dorothy Koch, Andrew Lacis, Ken Lo, Surabi Menon, Tica Novakov, Judith Perlwitz, Gary Russell, [[Gavin A. Schmidt]], Nicholas Tausnev
| date= [[2005-06-03]]
| title=Earth's Energy Imbalance: Confirmation and Implications
| journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]
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| url=http://pangea.stanford.edu/research/Oceans/GES205/Hansen_Science_Earth's%20Energy%20Balance.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| doi=10.1126/science.1110252
| pmid=15860591
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| last= Hinrichs | first= Kai-Uwe
| coauthors=Laura R. Hmelo, Sean P. Sylva
| date=[[2003-02-21]]
| title = Molecular Fossil Record of Elevated Methane Levels in Late Pleistocene Coastal Waters
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
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| pmid = 12595688
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| last=Hirsch | first=Tim
| publisher=[[BBC]]
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4604332.stm
| title=Plants revealed as methane source
| date=[[2006-01-11]]
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| last = Hoyt | first = Douglas V.
| coauthors = Kenneth H. Schatten
| year = 1993–11
| title = A discussion of plausible solar irradiance variations, 1700–1992
| journal = [[Journal of Geophysical Research]]
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| author = A. V. Karnaukhov
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| last = Kenneth | first = James P.
| coauthors = Kevin G. Cannariato, Ingrid L. Hendy, Richard J. Behl
| year = [[2003-02-14]]
| title = Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis
| publisher = [[American Geophysical Union]]
| url = https://www.agu.org/cgi-bin/agubooks?book=ASSP0542960
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| last = Keppler | first = Frank
| coauthors = Marc Brass, Jack Hamilton, Thomas Röckmann
| title = Global Warming - The Blame Is not with the Plants
| url = http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease200601131/index.html
| publisher = [[Max Planck Society]]
| date = [[2006-01-18]]
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| title = The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate
| last = Lean | first = Judith L.
| coauthors = Y.M. Wang, N.R. Sheeley
| year = 2002–12
| journal = [[Geophysical Research Letters]]
| volume = 29 | issue = 24
| url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GeoRL..29x..77L
| doi = 10.1029/2002GL015880
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| format = abstract
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| last = Lerner | first = K. Lee
| coauthors = Brenda Wilmoth Lerner
| title = Environmental issues : essential primary sources.
| publisher = [[Thomson Gale]]
| date = [[2006-07-26]]
| isbn = 1414406258
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| last = McLaughlin | first = Joseph B.
| coauthors = Angelo DePaola, Cheryl A. Bopp, Karen A. Martinek, Nancy P. Napolilli, Christine G. Allison, Shelley L. Murray, Eric C. Thompson, Michele M. Bird, John P. Middaugh
| title = Outbreak of Vibrio parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with Alaskan oysters
| journal = [[New England Journal of Medicine]]
| volume = 353 | issue = 14 | pages = 1463–1470
| publisher = New England Medical Society
| date = [[2005-10-06]]
| url = http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/353/14/1463
| doi = 10.1056/NEJMoa051594
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| pmid = 16207848
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| last = Muscheler, Raimund
| coauthors = Fortunat Joos, Simon A. Müller, Ian Snowball
| date = [[2005-07-28]]
| title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity?
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 436 | issue = 7012 | pages = 1084–1087
| url = http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| doi = 10.1038/nature04045
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| last = Oerlemans | first = J.
| date = [[2005-04-29]]
| title = Extracting a Climate Signal from 169 Glacier Records
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| volume = 308 | issue = 5722 | pages = 675–677
| url=http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU05/04572/EGU05-J-04572.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| doi = 10.1126/science.1107046
| pmid = 15746388
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| last = Oreskes | first = Naomi
| authorlink=Naomi Oreskes
| date = [[2004-12-03]]
| title = Beyond the Ivory Tower: The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change
| journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
| volume = 306 | issue = 5702 | pages = 1686
| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/306/5702/1686.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| doi = 10.1126/science.1103618
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| last = Purse | first = Bethan V.
| coauthors = Philip S. Mellor, David J. Rogers, Alan R. Samuel, Peter P. C. Mertens, Matthew Baylis
| title = Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe
| journal = [[Nature Reviews Microbiology]]
| volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 171–181
| date = February 2005
| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro1090
| url=http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v3/n2/abs/nrmicro1090_fs.html
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| last = Revkin | first = Andrew C
| date = [[2005-11-05]]
| title = Rise in Gases Unmatched by a History in Ancient Ice
| publisher = [[The New York Times]]
| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/25/science/earth/25core.html?ei=5090&en=d5078e33050b2b0c&ex=1290574800&adxnnl=1&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
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| last = Ruddiman | first = William F.
| authorlink=William Ruddiman
| date = [[2005-12-15]]
| title = Earth's Climate Past and Future
| location = New York
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| isbn = 0-7167-3741-8
| url = http://www.whfreeman.com/ruddiman/
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| last = Ruddiman | first = William F.
| authorlink=William Ruddiman
| date = [[2005-08-01]]
| title = Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum: How Humans Took Control of Climate
| location = New Jersey
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| isbn = 0-691-12164-8
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| authorlink=Sami Solanki
| coauthors = I.G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schussler, J. Beer
| date = [[2004-10-23]]
| title = Unusual activity of the Sun during recent decades compared to the previous 11,000 years.
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 431 | pages = 1084–1087
| url = http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/nature02995.pdf
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| doi = 10.1038/nature02995
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| coauthors = I. G. Usoskin, B. Kromer, M. Schüssler, J. Beer
| date = [[2005-07-28]]
| title = Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity? (Reply)
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 436
| pages = E4–E5
| url = http://cc.oulu.fi/%7Eusoskin/personal/sola_nature05.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
| doi = 10.1038/nature04046
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| date = [[2006-02-10]]
| journal = Science
| volume = 311 | issue = 5762 | pages = 838–840
| title = Late Quaternary Atmospheric CH<sub>4</sub> Isotope Record Suggests Marine Clathrates Are Stable
| doi = 10.1126/science.1121235
| pmid = 16469923
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| coauthors = Jens Olaf P. Pedersen, Nigel D. Marsh, Martin B. Enghoff, Ulrik I. Uuggerhøj
| year = [[2007-02-08]]
| title = Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions
| journal = [[Proceedings of the Royal Society]] A
| volume = 463 | issue = 2078 | pages = 385–396
| publisher = FirstCite Early Online Publishing
| doi = 10.1098/rspa.2006.1773
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| date = [[2006-09-07]]
| title = Methane bubbling from Siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| volume = 443 | issue = 7107 | pages = 71–75
| doi = 10.1038/nature05040
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| last = Wang | first = Y.-M.
| coauthors = J.L. Lean, N.R. Sheeley
| date = [[2005-05-20]]
| title = Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713
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| url = http://climatesci.colorado.edu/publications/pdf/Wang_2005.pdf
| format = [[Portable Document Format|PDF]]
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== बाहिरी सूत्र==

;वैज्ञानिक
* [http://www.ipcc.ch जलवायु परिवर्तनमा अन्तर सरकारी प्यानल] र [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/44456/story.htm संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको जलवायु रिपोर्ट]
* {[http://www.nature.com/climate/index.html प्रकृतिले जलवायु परिवर्तनको सूचना दिन्छ]
* [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/hadleycentre/index.html ब्रिटेनको मौसम कार्यालय हैडली केन्द्रको साइट]
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html#INTRO ग्लोबल वार्मिंगका NOAA को प्राय सोधिने प्रश्नहरू]
* [http://www.aip.org/history/climate डिस्कभरी अफ ग्लोबल वार्मिंग], ग्लोबल वार्मिंगको इतिहासको ,एक व्यापक भूमिका , [[Spencer R.Weart|स्पेन्सर आर द्वारा लिखितWeart]] ([[:en:Spencer R. Weart|Spencer R. Weart]])
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/6460635.stm जलवायु जोखिममा सतर्कताको आग्रह ]
* [http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.htm पशुधनमा ग्लोबल वार्मिंगको प्रभाव ( संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको रिपोर्ट )]

;शैक्षिक
* [http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ वैश्विक जलवायु परिवर्तन : नासाको आँखा पृथ्वीमा]—जलवायु परिवर्तन overviews , प्रमुख संकेतक , मल्टीमीडिया बढी मौजूदा समाचार .
* [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html ग्लोबल वार्मिंग के छ ?][[नेशनल ज्योग्राफिक]] ([[:en:National Geographic|National Geographic]]) द्वारा – शोच्क्वावे प्रस्तुति
* [http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ EdGCM ( शैक्षिक वैश्विक जलवायु मोडेलिंग ) परियोजना]—एक स्वतन्त्र अनुसन्धान जो विद्यार्थीहरू र वज्ञानिकहरूको लागि एक यस्तो इन्टरफेस हो जसको डेस्कटप कम्प्यूटरमा ग्लोबल वार्मिंगको अनुकरण गर्न सकिन्छ।
* [http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/ DISCOVER] १९७९ देखि उपग्रहमा आधारित महासागर र जलवायुको आंकडा [[नासा|NASA]] बाट प्राप्त
* [http://www.pewclimate.org/ विश्व भरमा जलवायु परिवर्तनमा नजर राख्ने कार्यको लागि The Pew केन्द्र परिचित छ ]
* [[वारेन वाशिङटन]] ([[:en:Warren Washington|Warren Washington]])को कुराकानीको एक [http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/events/2007paulingconference/video-s3-4-washington.html भिडियो] जसको शीर्षक छ "ग्लोबल वार्मिंगको विकास : विचार देखि वैज्ञानिक तथ्य सम्म "
* [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BestEffortGlobalWarmingTrajectories/ ग्लोबल वार्मिंग को अध्ययनको लागि सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रयास ] Harvey Lam द्वारा, ( प्रिंसटन विश्वविद्यालय ), [[Wolfram Demonstrations परियोजना|The Wolfram Demonstrations परियोजना]] ([[:en:The Wolfram Demonstrations Project|The Wolfram Demonstrations Project]]).

;अन्य
* [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html विज्ञान र प्रौद्योगिकी सूत्र इन्टरनेटमा] -इन्टरनेट संसाधनहरूको एक व्यापक सूची
* [http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/ चिन्तित वैज्ञानिकहरूको संघको ग्लोबल वार्मिंग सम्बन्धित पृष्ठ]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s1647466.htm हेर्नुहोस 'Tipping प्वाइन्ट'], एक अष्ट्रेलियन विज्ञान दस्तावेज , दुर्लभ, साधारण र खतरामा परेका वन्य जीवमा ग्लोबल वार्मिङको प्रभावहरूको बारेमा
* [http://www.un.org/climatechange संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघको जलवायु परिवर्तनमा सिस्टमको कामको लागि एक गेटवे]


[[श्रेणी:वातावरण]]
[[श्रेणी:वातावरण]]

०४:३५, २० अप्रिल २०१४ जस्तै गरी पुनरावलोकन

'ग्लोबल वार्मिङ'भन्ने अङ्ग्रेजी पदावलीलाई नेपालीमा भूमण्डलीय ऊष्मीकरणको रूपमा रूपान्तरित गरिएको छ। हिन्दी भाषामा समेत यो पदावलीको नै प्रयोग गरिएको पाइन्छ। भूमण्डलीय ऊष्मीकरणको अर्थ हुन आउँछ पृथ्वीको तापक्रममा हुन आइरहेको क्रमिक वृद्दि र यसका कारणले हुन जाने प्रभावहरू। वातावरणविद एवँ वैज्ञानिकहरूका अनुसार हामी बसोवास गरिरहेको पृथ्वी क्रमश: तातिरहेको छ तर यसको कारण पृथ्वीलाई ताप र शक्ति प्रदान गर्ने सूर्यको तापक्रम बढेको कारणले नभई, पृ्थ्वी भित्रैबाट सिर्जित मानवीय कारणले गर्दा हुन गएको हो। यो कुराको सिधा सम्बन्ध मानव जातिले आँफू बाँचेको संसारलाई प्रदूषित पार्न खेलेको भूमिकासँग गाँसिएको छ। ईसाको १८ औँ शताव्दिको अन्त्यतिर शुरू भएको औद्योगिक क्रान्ति अनि कलकारखानाहरूको स्थापना र १९औँ तथा बीसौँ शताव्दिमा यातायात , कलकारखाना र मेशिनहरू जस्ता प्रसाधनहरूको अत्यधिक प्रयोगमा लाग्ने पेट्रोल, डिजेल, मट्टितेल जस्ता ईन्धनहरू तथा मिथेन जस्ता ग्यासहरू बालेर वातावरणमा उत्सर्जन हुन पुग्ने कार्बन, कार्बन मोनोअक्साइड आदि जस्ता विषालु र हानिकारक ग्यासहरूको मात्रा बढ्दै जानाले नै वातावरणीय प्रदूषण र भूमण्डलीय ऊष्मीकरणको डरलाग्दो स्थिति पैदा हुने स्थिति आएको हो।

यो लेख वा खण्ड नेपाली भाषामा नभएर अर्को भाषामा लेखिएको छ।
यदि यो लेखमा तपाईंको योगदान छ भने यसलाई नेपाली भाषामा उल्था गर्नुहोला।
एक महिनासम्म उल्थानभएमा यसलाई हटाएर नयाँ लेख बनाइने छ ।
वैश्‍विक मध्‍य सतहको ताप 1961-1990 को सापेक्ष भन्दा अलग छ
1995 देखि 2004 को समयमा औसत धरातलीय तापमान 1940 देखि 1980 सम्मको औसत तापमान भन्दा भिन्न देखिन्छ

भूमंडलीय ऊष्मीकरण (ग्‍लोबल वर्मिंग)को अर्थ पृथ्‍वीको निकटस्‍थ-सतहको वायु र महासागरको औसत तापमानमा 20औं शताब्‍दी देखि भैरहेको वृद्धि र त्यसको अनुमानित निरन्तरता हो।

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