सामग्रीमा जानुहोस्

ढाँचा:Physical constants/कागजात

कडी थप्नुहोस
विकिपिडिया, एक स्वतन्त्र विश्वकोशबाट
सङ्क्षिप्त रूप

This template provides easy inclusion of recent values of physical constants in articles. Presently, it returns CODATA 2018 recommended values, but the template will be updated when more recent values become available. This includes the 2019 redefinition of SI base units, which made the values of several constants exact (e.g. e), whereas some previously exactly defined constants acquired an uncertainty (e.g. μ0).

Usage

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]

Arguments

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]
symbol
If set to yes, the value is preceded by the symbol of the constant, followed by ≈ or = depending on whether or not round is set.
round
If omitted, the value is shown along with its standard uncertainty. If set to an integer n, the value is rounded to the first n digits after the decimal point (retaining trailing zeros).
unit
If set to no, the unit of measurement is not shown.
ref
If set to no, no reference is given. If set to only, only the reference is given.
after
Text (e.g. punctuation) to be shown after the constant before the reference.
runc
If set to yes, this will provide only the relative standard uncertainty of the value and its reference.

Available constants

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]
Code Constant Value Relative standard uncertainty
a0 Bohr radius a0 = ५.२९१७७२१०९०३(८०)×१०−११मी ur(a0) = १.५×१०−१०[१]
alpha fine-structure constant α = ७.२९७३५२५६९३(११)×१०−३ ur(α) = १.५×१०−१०[२]
A90 conventional ampere A90 = १.०००००००८८८७...A ur(A90) = ०[३]
atm standard atmosphere atm = १०१३२५Pa ur(atm) = ०[४]
bwien Wien wavelength displacement law constant b = २.८९७७७१९५५...×१०−३m⋅K ur(b) = ०[५]
bwien' Wien frequency displacement law constant b′ = ५.८७८९२५७५७...×१०१०Hz⋅K−1 ur(b′) = ०[६]
c speed of light c = २९९७९२४५८m/s ur(c) = ०[७]
c1 first radiation constant c1 = ३.७४१७७१८५२...×१०−१६W⋅m2 ur(c1) = ०[८]
c1L first radiation constant for spectral radiance c1L = १.१९१०४२९७२...×१०−१६W⋅m2⋅sr−1 ur(c1L) = ०[९]
c2 second radiation constant c2 = १.४३८७७६८७७...×१०−२m⋅K ur(c2) = ०[१०]
C90 conventional coulomb C90 = १.०००००००८८८७...C ur(C90) = ०[११]
DnuCs hyperfine structure transition frequency of caesium-133 Δν(133Cs)hfs = ९१९२६३१७७०Hz ur(Δν(133Cs)hfs) = ०[१२]
e elementary charge e = १.६०२१७६६३४×१०−१९C ur(e) = ०[१३]
Eh Hartree energy Eh = ४.३५९७४४७२२२०७१(८५)×१०−१८J ur(Eh) = १.९×१०−१२[१४]
EheV Hartree energy in eV Eh = २७.२११३८६२४५९८८(५३)eV ur(Eh) = १.९×१०−१२[१५]
eps0 vacuum electric permittivity ε0 = ८.८५४१८७८१२८(१३)×१०−१२F⋅m−1 ur(ε0) = १.५×१०−१०[१६]
eV electronvolt eV = १.६०२१७६६३४×१०−१९J ur(eV) = ०[१७]
F Faraday constant F = ९६४८५.३३२१२...C⋅mol−1 ur(F) = ०[१८]
F90 conventional farad F90 = ०.९९९९९९९८२२०...F ur(F90) = ०[१९]
G gravitational constant G = ६.६७४३०(१५)×१०−११m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2 ur(G) = २.२×१०−५[२०]
G0 conductance quantum G0 = ७.७४८०९१७२९...×१०−५S ur(G0) = ०[२१]
g0 standard acceleration of gravity g0 = ९.८०६६५m⋅s−2 ur(g0) = ०[२२]
ge electron g-factor ge = Error in {{val}}: first argument is not a valid number or requires too much precision to display. ur(ge) = १.७×१०−१३[२३]
GF/hbarc3 Fermi coupling constant GF/ħc3 = १.१६६३७८७(६)×१०−५GeV−2 ur(GF/ħc3) = ५.१×१०−७[२४]
gmu muon g-factor gμ = −२.००२३३१८४१८(१३) ur(gμ) = ६.३×१०−१०[२५]
gp proton g-factor gp = ५.५८५६९४६८९३(१६) ur(gp) = २.९×१०−१०[२६]
h Planck constant h = ६.६२६०७०१५×१०−३४J⋅s ur(h) = ०[२७]
H90 conventional henry H90 = १.०००००००१७७९...H ur(H90) = ०[२८]
hbar reduced Planck constant ħ = १.०५४५७१८१७...×१०−३४J⋅s ur(ħ) = ०[२९]
h/2me quantum of circulation h/2me = ३.६३६९४७५५१६(११)×१०−४m2⋅s−1 ur(h/2me) = ३.०×१०−१०[३०]
invalpha inverse fine-structure constant 1/α = १३७.०३५९९९०८४(२१) ur(1/α) = १.५×१०−१०[३१]
invG0 inverse conductance quantum G0−1 = १२९०६.४०३७२...Ω ur(G0−1) = ०[३२]
k Boltzmann constant k = १.३८०६४९×१०−२३J⋅K−1 ur(k) = ०[३३]
KJ Josephson constant KJ = ४८३५९७.८४८४...×१०९Hz⋅V−1 ur(KJ) = ०[३४]
KJ90 conventional value of Josephson constant KJ-90 = ४८३५९७.९×१०९Hz⋅V−1 ur(KJ-90) = ०[३५]
lP Planck length lP = १.६१६२५५(१८)×१०−३५मी ur(lP) = १.१×१०−५[३६]
MC12 molar mass of carbon-12 M(12C) = ११.९९९९९९९९५८(३६)×१०−३kg⋅mol−1 ur(M(12C)) = ३.०×१०−१०[३७]
me electron mass me = ९.१०९३८३७०१५(२८)×१०−३१किलोग्राम ur(me) = ३.०×१०−१०[३८]
mmu muon mass mμ = १.८८३५३१६२७(४२)×१०−२८किलोग्राम ur(mμ) = २.२×१०−८[३९]
mn neutron mass mn = १.६७४९२७४९८०४(९५)×१०−२७किलोग्राम ur(mn) = ५.७×१०−१०[४०]
mnDa neutron mass in daltons mn = १.००८६६४९१५९५(४९)Da ur(mn) = ३.८×१०−१०[४१]
mP Planck mass mP = २.१७६४३५(२४)×१०−८किलोग्राम ur(mP) = १.१×१०−५[४२]
mp proton mass mp = १.६७२६२१९२३६९(५१)×१०−२७किलोग्राम ur(mp) = ३.१×१०−१०[४३]
mpome proton-to-electron mass ratio mp/me = १८३६.१५२६७३४३(११) ur(mp/me) = ६.०×१०−११[४४]
mtau tau mass mτ = ३.१६७५४(२१)×१०−२७किलोग्राम ur(mτ) = ६.८×१०−५[४५]
Mu molar mass constant Mu = ०.९९९९९९९९९६५(३०)×१०−३kg⋅mol−1 ur(Mu) = ३.०×१०−१०[४६]
mu atomic mass constant mu = १.६६०५३९०६६६०(५०)×१०−२७किलोग्राम ur(mu) = ३.०×१०−१०[४७]
muc2 atomic mass constant energy equivalent muc2 = १.४९२४१८०८५६०(४५)×१०−१०J ur(muc2) = ३.०×१०−१०[४८]
mueV atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV muc2 = ९३१.४९४१०२४२(२८)MeV ur(muc2) = ३.०×१०−१०[४९]
mu0 vacuum magnetic permeability μ0 = १.२५६६३७०६२१२(१९)×१०−६N⋅A−2 ur(μ0) = १.५×१०−१०[५०]
muB Bohr magneton μB = ९.२७४०१००७८३(२८)×१०−२४J⋅T−1 ur(μB) = ३.०×१०−१०[५१]
muN nuclear magneton μN = ५.०५०७८३७४६१(१५)×१०−२७J⋅T−1 ur(μN) = ३.१×१०−१०[५२]
NA Avogadro constant NA = ६.०२२१४०७६×१०२३mol−1 ur(NA) = ०[५३]
NAh molar Planck constant NAh = ३.९९०३१२७१२...×१०−१०J⋅Hz−1⋅mol−1 ur(NAh) = ०[५४]
ohm90 conventional ohm Ω90 = १.०००००००१७७९...Ω ur(Ω90) = ०[५५]
Phi0 magnetic flux quantum Φ0 = २.०६७८३३८४८...×१०−१५Wb ur(Φ0) = ०[५६]
R gas constant R = ८.३१४४६२६१८...J⋅mol−1⋅K−1 ur(R) = ०[५७]
re classical electron radius re = २.८१७९४०३२६२(१३)×१०−१५मी ur(re) = ४.५×१०−१०[५८]
Rinf Rydberg constant R∞ = १०९७३७३१.५६८१६०(२१)m−1 ur(R∞) = १.९×१०−१२[५९]
RK von Klitzing constant RK = २५८१२.८०७४५...Ω ur(RK) = ०[६०]
RK90 conventional value of von Klitzing constant RK-90 = २५८१२.८०७Ω ur(RK-90) = ०[६१]
sigma Stefan–Boltzmann constant σ = ५.६७०३७४४१९...×१०−८W⋅m−2⋅K−4 ur(σ) = ०[६२]
sigmae Thomson cross section σe = ६.६५२४५८७३२१(६०)×१०−२९m2 ur(σe) = ९.१×१०−१०[६३]
TP Planck temperature TP = १.४१६७८५(१६)×१०३२K ur(TP) = १.१×१०−५[६४]
tP Planck time tP = ५.३९१२४५(६०)×१०−४४s ur(tP) = १.१×१०−५[६५]
V90 conventional volt V90 = १.००००००१०६६६...V ur(V90) = ०[६६]
VmSi molar volume of silicon Vm(Si) = १.२०५८८३१९९(६०)×१०−५m3⋅mol−1 ur(Vm(Si)) = ४.९×१०−८[६७]
W90 conventional watt W90 = १.००००००१९५५३...W ur(W90) = ०[६८]
Z0 characteristic impedance of vacuum Z0 = ३७६.७३०३१३६६७(५७)Ω ur(Z0) = १.५×१०−१०[६९]

Examples

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]

{{Physical constants|c|unit=no|after= [[metre per second|metres per second]].}}

२९९७९२४५८ metres per second.[७]

{{Physical constants|mu0|symbol=yes}}

μ0 = १.२५६६३७०६२१२(१९)×१०−६N⋅A−2[५०]

{{Physical constants|G|symbol=yes}}

G = ६.६७४३०(१५)×१०−११m3⋅kg−1⋅s−2[२०]

{{Physical constants|hbar|round=2|symbol=yes}}

ħ ≈ १.०५×१०−३४J⋅s[२९]

The relative standard uncertainty of ''m''<sub>u</sub> is {{Physical constants|mu|runc=yes|after=.}}

The relative standard uncertainty of mu is ३.०×१०−१०.[४७]

For the electron mass, {{Physical constants|me|runc=yes|symbol=yes|ref=no}}.

For the electron mass, ur(me) = ३.०×१०−१०.

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the [[elementary charge]].{{Physical constants|e|ref=only}}

NIST publishes the CODATA value of the elementary charge.[१३]

See also

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]

{{CODATA2010}}

References

[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]
  1. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  2. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  3. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ampere-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  4. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: standard atmosphere", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  5. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Wien wavelength displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  6. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Wien frequency displacement law constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  7. ↑ ७.० ७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: speed of light in vacuum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  8. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  9. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: first radiation constant for spectral radiance", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  10. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: second radiation constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  11. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of coulomb-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  12. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: hyperfine transition frequency of Cs-133", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-१८। 
  13. ↑ १३.० १३.१ "2018 CODATA Value: elementary charge", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  14. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  15. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Hartree energy in eV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०९-०१। 
  16. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum electric permittivity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  17. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron volt", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  18. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Faraday constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  19. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of farad-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  20. ↑ २०.० २०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: Newtonian constant of gravitation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  21. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  22. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: standard acceleration of gravity", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  23. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  24. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Fermi coupling constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  25. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: muon g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  26. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton g factor", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, जुन २०१५, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०३-०८। 
  27. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  28. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of henry-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  29. ↑ २९.० २९.१ "2018 CODATA Value: reduced Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२८। 
  30. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: quantum of circulation", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  31. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: inverse fine-structure constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  32. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: inverse of conductance quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  33. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  34. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  35. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of Josephson constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  36. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck length", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  37. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass of carbon-12", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  38. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: electron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  39. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: muon mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  40. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३। 
  41. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: neutron mass in u", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०८-२३। 
  42. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  43. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  44. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: proton-electron mass ratio", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  45. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: tau mass", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  46. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  47. ↑ ४७.० ४७.१ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  48. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१। 
  49. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: atomic mass constant energy equivalent in MeV", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०७-२१। 
  50. ↑ ५०.० ५०.१ "2018 CODATA Value: vacuum magnetic permeability", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  51. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Bohr magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  52. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: nuclear magneton", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  53. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Avogadro constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  54. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar Planck constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  55. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of ohm-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  56. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic flux quantum", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  57. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar gas constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  58. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: classical electron radius", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  59. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Rydberg constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  60. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  61. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of von Klitzing constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  62. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Stefan–Boltzmann constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  63. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Thomson cross section", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  64. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck temperature", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  65. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: Planck time", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०। 
  66. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of volt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  67. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: molar volume of silicon", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-२३। 
  68. ↑ "2018 CODATA Value: conventional value of watt-90", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०६-०१। 
  69. ↑ Derived from Z0 = μ0c – "2018 CODATA Value: magnetic constant", The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, NIST, २० मे २०१९, अन्तिम पहुँच २०१९-०५-२०।  
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