ठूला शक्ति
अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्धको सन्दर्भमा ठूला शक्ति (अङ्ग्रेजी: great power) भनेर विश्वव्यापी स्तरमा यसको प्रभाव राख्नको लागि क्षमता र विशेषज्ञता भएको रूपमा मान्यता प्राप्त सार्वभौम राज्यहरूलाई चिनिन्छ। ठूला शक्तिहरूसँग चरित्रगत रूपमामा सैन्य र आर्थिक सामर्थ्यको साथसाथै कूटनीतिक र नरम शक्ति प्रभाव हुन्छ जसले गर्दा मध्य र साना शक्तिहरूले उनीहरूको आफ्नै कदम चाल्नु अघि ठूला शक्तिको राय विचार गर्नु पर्ने हुन् सक्छ। अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध सिद्धान्तवादीहरूले ठूला शक्तिको विशेषताहरूमा शक्ति क्षमता, आकाशीय पक्ष र स्थिति आयामहरु मान्न सकिन्छ भन्ने धारणा व्यक्त गरेका छन्। [२]
समय अनुसार ठूला शक्ति राष्ट्र
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]
यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]- अमेरिकी शताब्दी
- चिनियाँ शताब्दी
- सोभियत साम्राज्य
- महाशक्ति
- उदयीमान शक्ति
- विशाल शक्ति
- ठूला शक्ति
- Group of Two
- Hegemony
- Historic recurrence
- परमशक्ति
- International relations theory
- List of modern great powers
- मध्यम शक्ति
- Monroe Doctrine
- नेटो
- सम्भावित महाशक्ति
- साङ्घाई सहयोग सङ्गठन
- Second Superpower
- Small power
- Unipolarity
सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू
[सम्पादन गर्नुहोस्]- ↑ १.०० १.०१ १.०२ १.०३ १.०४ १.०५ १.०६ १.०७ १.०८ १.०९ १.१० १.११ १.१२ १.१३ १.१४ १.१५ १.१६ १.१७ Peter Howard (२००८), "Great Powers", Encarta, MSN, मूलबाट २००९-१०-३१-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच २००८-१२-२०।
- ↑ Iver B. Neumann, "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007." Journal of International Relations and Development 11.2 (2008): 128-151. online
- ↑ ३.० ३.१ ३.२ ३.३ ३.४ Fueter, Eduard (१९२२), World history, 1815–1920, United States of America: Harcourt, Brace and Company, पृ: 25–28, 36–44, आइएसबिएन 1584770775।
- ↑ ४.० ४.१ ४.२ ४.३ ४.४ Danilovic, Vesna. "When the Stakes Are High—Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers", University of Michigan Press (2002), pp 27, 225–228 (PDF chapter downloads) (PDF copy).
- ↑ ५.० ५.१ ५.२ ५.३ ५.४ McCarthy, Justin (१८८०), A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee, New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, पृ: 475–476।
- ↑ ६.० ६.१ ६.२ ६.३ ६.४ ६.५ ६.६ ६.७ Dallin, David (नोभेम्बर २००६), The Rise of Russia in Asia, आइएसबिएन 9781406729191।
- ↑ ७.० ७.१ ७.२ ७.३ ७.४ MacMillan, Margaret (२००३), Paris 1919, United States of America: Random House Trade, पृ: 36, 306, 431, आइएसबिएन 0-375-76052-0।
- ↑ ८.० ८.१ ८.२ ८.३ ८.४ ८.५ ८.६ Harrison, M (2000) The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison, Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ ९.०० ९.०१ ९.०२ ९.०३ ९.०४ ९.०५ ९.०६ ९.०७ ९.०८ ९.०९ Louden, Robert (२००७), The world we want, United States of America: Oxford University Press US, पृ: 187, आइएसबिएन 978-0195321371।
- ↑ १०.० १०.१ १०.२ The Superpowers: The United States, Britain and the Soviet Union – Their Responsibility for Peace (1944), written by William T.R. Fox
- ↑ ११.० ११.१ ११.२ ११.३ ११.४ Canada Among Nations, 2004: Setting Priorities Straight, McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, १७ जनवरी २००५, पृ: ८५, आइएसबिएन 0773528369, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६। ("The United States is the sole world's superpower. France, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom are great powers")
- ↑ १२.० १२.१ १२.२ १२.३ १२.४ १२.५ १२.६ T. V. Paul; James J. Wirtz; Michel Fortmann (२००५), Balance of Power, United States of America: State University of New York Press, 2005, पृ: 59, 282, आइएसबिएन 0791464016। Accordingly, the great powers after the Cold War are Britain, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States p.59
- ↑ १३.० १३.१ १३.२ १३.३ १३.४ १३.५ १३.६ Sterio, Milena (२०१३), The right to self-determination under international law : "selfistans", secession and the rule of the great powers, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, पृ: xii (preface), आइएसबिएन 978-0415668187, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६। ("The great powers are super-sovereign states: an exclusive club of the most powerful states economically, militarily, politically and strategically. These states include veto-wielding members of the United Nations Security Council (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia), as well as economic powerhouses such as Germany, Italy and Japan.")
- ↑ १४.० १४.१ १४.२ १४.३ १४.४ १४.५ Transforming Military Power since the Cold War: Britain, France, and the United States, 1991–2012, Cambridge University Press, २०१३, पृ: २२४, आइएसबिएन 978-1107471498, अन्तिम पहुँच १३ जुन २०१६। (During the Kosovo War (1998) "...Contact Group consisting of six great powers (the United states, Russia, France, Britain, Germany and Italy).")
- ↑ McCourt, David (२८ मे २०१४), Britain and World Power Since 1945: Constructing a Nation's Role in International Politics, United States of America: University of Michigan Press, आइएसबिएन 978-0472072217।
- ↑ १६.० १६.१ १६.२ १६.३ १६.४ १६.५ १६.६ Baron, Joshua (२२ जनवरी २०१४), Great Power Peace and American Primacy: The Origins and Future of a New International Order, United States: Palgrave Macmillan, आइएसबिएन 978-1137299482।
- ↑ Chalmers, Malcolm (मे २०१५), "A Force for Order: Strategic Underpinnings of the Next NSS and SDSR", Royal United Services Institute, Briefing Paper (SDSR 2015: Hard Choices Ahead): २, "While no longer a superpower (a position it lost in the 1940s), the UK remains much more than a 'middle power'."
- ↑ Walker, William (२२ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५), "Trident's Replacement and the Survival of the United Kingdom", International Institute for Strategic Studies, Global Politics and Strategy 57 (5): 7–28, अन्तिम पहुँच ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५, "Trident as a pillar of the transatlantic relationship and symbol of the UK's desire to remain a great power with global reach."
- ↑ १९.० १९.१ १९.२ UW Press: Korea's Future and the Great Powers
- ↑ Yong Deng and Thomas G. Moore (2004) "China Views Globalization: Toward a New Great-Power Politics?" The Washington Quarterly[मृत कडी]
- ↑ Kennedy, Paul (१९८७), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, United States of America: Random House, पृ: २०४, आइएसबिएन 0-394-54674-1।
- ↑ Best, Antony; Hanhimäki, Jussi; Maiolo, Joseph; Schulze, Kirsten (२००८), International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond, United States of America: Routledge, पृ: ९, आइएसबिएन 978-0415438964।
- ↑ Wight, Martin (२००२), Power Politics, United Kingdom: Continuum International Publishing Group, पृ: ४६, आइएसबिएन 0826461743।
- ↑ Waltz, Kenneth (१९७९), Theory of International Politics, United States of America: McGraw-Hill, पृ: १६२, आइएसबिएन 0-07-554852-6।
- ↑ Why are Pivot States so Pivotal? The Role of Pivot States in Regional and Global Security, Netherlands: The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, २०१४, पृ: Table on page १० (Great Power criteria), मूलबाट ११ अक्टोबर २०१६-मा सङ्ग्रहित, अन्तिम पहुँच १४ जुन २०१६।
- ↑ Italy: 150 years of a small great power, eurasia-rivista.org, 21 December 2010
- ↑ Kuper, Stephen, "Clarifying the nation's role strengthens the impact of a National Security Strategy 2019" (अङ्ग्रेजीमा), अन्तिम पहुँच २२ जनवरी २०२०, "Traditionally, great powers have been defined by their global reach and ability to direct the flow of international affairs. There are a number of recognised great powers within the context of contemporary international relations – with Great Britain, France, India and Russia recognised as nuclear capable great powers, while Germany, Italy and Japan are identified as conventional great powers"
- ↑ Richard N. Haass, "Asia's overlooked Great Power", Project Syndicate April 20, 2007.
- ↑ "Analyzing American Power in the Post-Cold War Era", अन्तिम पहुँच २००७-०२-२८।
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