कामरुपी बोली

यो लेख अपुरो छ। तपाईं यसलाई बढाएर विकिपिडियालाई सहायता गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।

कामरुपी भाषा पहिलो पुरातन आर्य साहित्यिक ब्रह्मपुत्र उपत्यका र उत्तर बङ्गाल मा बोली भाषा^[१], कामरुप र उत्तर बङ्गाल मा मुख्यतया विकास छ। भाषाविद्हरूका अनुसार, यो असमिया जस्ता विभिन्न पूर्वी इन्डो-युरोपियन भाषाहरूको उत्पत्तिकर्ता हो र यसले समय-समयमा प्रभाव पारिरहेको छ।^[२] मध्ययुगीन समय मा, यो विद्वानहरूको र ब्रह्मपुत्र उपत्यका को सन्तहरू र संस्कृत संग समानता मा साहित्यिक उद्देश्यका लागि आफ्नो आसन्न क्षेत्रमा द्वारा प्रयोग गरिन्छ दुवै गद्य र मध्य भारत विद्यापटी जस्तै को साहित्यिक तथ्याङ्कले को अभ्यासहरू विरुद्ध रूपमा कविता लागि कविता लागि गद्य र मैथिली लागि संस्कृत प्रयोग गर्ने । हाल पटक, दक्षिण कामरुपी क्षेत्रीय भाषा नाटकीय प्रभाव संग लेखक इंदिरा गोस्वामी को कार्यहरूमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ। कवि र राष्ट्रवादी अंबिकागिरि रायचौधरी ठूलो हदसम्म आफ्ना कार्यहरूमा कामरुपी प्रयोग।

बोलियों

यो यस्तो पश्चिम, मध्य र दक्षिण कामरुपी रूपमा तीन बोलियों संग विविध छ। पश्चिम कामरूपी बोली बारपेटा जिल्ला र आसपासका क्षेत्रमा, मध्य कामरूपी बोली नलबारी जिल्ला र आसपासका क्षेत्रमा र दक्षिण कामरूपी बोली पलाशबारी र वरपरका क्षेत्रमा बोलिन्छ।^[३]

प्रयोग

कामरूपी भाषा मुख्यतया पश्चिम असम र उत्तर बंगालको कामरूप र गोलपारा क्षेत्रमा बोलिन्छ।

इतिहास

चर्यापद 8 औं-12 औं शताब्दीको वज्रयान बौद्ध कार्यगीति, वा रहस्यमय कविताहरूको संग्रह हो। कार्यगीति (अनुभूतिका गीतहरू) भएकाले चर्यापद गाउन खोजिएको थियो। अनुभूतिका यी गीतहरू सहज रूपमा रचना गरिएका पदहरू थिए, जसले प्रबुद्ध अवस्थाको अभ्यासकर्ताको अनुभवलाई व्यक्त गर्दछ। यस काव्यको पाण्डुलिपि २० औं शताब्दीको प्रारम्भमा नेपालमा हरप्रसाद शास्त्रीले पत्ता लगाएका थिए। यसले कामरूपी र अन्य पूर्वी इन्डो-आर्यन भाषाहरूको उदाहरणहरू प्रदान गर्दछ। चर्यपदका लेखकहरू, महासिद्धहरू वा सिद्धाचार्यहरू, कामरूप (असम), गौडा (बङ्गाल), कलिङ्ग (ओरिसा) र मिथिला (बिहार) का विभिन्न क्षेत्रका थिए। चर्यापदको तिब्बती अनुवाद पनि तिब्बती बौद्ध धर्ममा संरक्षित गरिएको थियो। आठौं शताब्दीमा बारपेटा जिल्लाको लेहिडाङ्ग्रा गाउँका प्रसिद्ध साहित्यकार डाकाले आधिकारिक डकभनिता रचना गरेका थिए।^[४] उल्लेखनीय मध्ययुगीन कामरूपी साहित्यिक व्यक्तित्वहरू रामा सरस्वती, अनन्त काण्डली, श्रीधारा काण्डली, सर्वभौमा भट्टाचार्य, कलापचन्द्र द्विज र भट्टदेव, असमसिक गद्यका पिता हुन्। हेमा सरस्वती र हरिबर विप्र दुई अन्य प्रसिद्ध कामरूपी कवि हुन्। हेमा सरस्वतीले वामन पुराणमा आधारित "प्रल्हाद चरित्र" रचना गरे, जबकि हरिबार विप्रले महाभारतको अस्वमेध पर्व अनुवाद गरे। कविरत्न "जयद्रथ वध" का लेखक थिए। उनको घर बारपेटा जिल्लाको गाउँ सिलामा थियो । यी तीनवटै कविको रचना अहिले पनि कायम छ । पछिल्ला कालखण्डमा माधव कण्डली र रुद्र कण्डलीको नाममा परेको थियो । रामायणका पूर्व प्रमाणित अंशहरू र कामरूपी श्लोकमा रचित, महाभारतका अंशहरू।

सन् १४४९ मा जन्मेका शंकरदेवले माधव काण्डलीलाई पुरानो युगका प्रतिष्ठित कविको रूपमा उल्लेख गरेका छन्। त्यसैले चौधौं शताब्दीको अन्त्यतिर माधव कण्डली र रुद्र कण्डली दुवैलाई राख्न सकिन्छ। आफ्नो रामायणमा माधव कंदलीले आफ्नो अर्को नाम कविराज-कन्दली थियो र संस्कृतमा श्लोकहरू सजिलै रच्न सक्ने भए पनि आमजनताको हितका लागि असमिया श्लोकमा रामायण रचना गरेको बताउँछन्। माधव कण्डलीले ‘देवजित’ नामको अर्को कविता पनि लेखे । सोह्रौं शताब्दीमा कामरूपको स्थानीय भाषा साहित्यको ठूलो विकास देखियो। योगिनी तन्त्र, एक प्रसिद्ध संस्कृत कृति जसले कामरूप राज्यको सीमानाहरू दिन्छ, जसरी यो पाल राजाहरूको शासनकालमा अवस्थित थियो, सम्भवतः सोह्रौं शताब्दीको पहिलो सन्धिको समयमा कामरूपमा लेखिएको थियो। यस अवधिमा कामाख्याका मूल निवासी दुर्गाबर कायस्थद्वारा गरिएको बेहुला उपाख्यानको सङ्कलन पनि यस अवधिमा दिइएको हुनुपर्छ।

बाह्य कडीहरू

Kamrupi:a language with no Army

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

↑ Goswami, Upendranath (१९७०), A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese, Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati, पृ: ४, "Assam from ancient times, was known as Kamarupa till the end of the Koch rule (17th century) and ancient Kamarupa comprised the whole of North Bengal including Cooch-Behar, and the Rangpur and Jalpaiguri districts of Bengal. Its permanent western boundary is said to have been the river Karatoya in North Bengal according to the Kalika Purana and Yoginitantra, both devoted to geographical accounts of ancient Kamarupa. So the Aryan language spoken first in Assam was the Kamrupi language spoken in Rangpur, Cooch-Behar, Goalpara, Kamrup district and some parts of Nowgong and Darrang districts. As also put by K.L. Barua "the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of the Assam Valley and the whole of Northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar”. It is in this Kamrupi language that the early Assamese literature was mainly written. Up to the seventeenth century as the centre of art, literature and culture were confined within western Assam and the poets and the writers hailed from this part, the language of this part also acquired prestige. The earliest Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, the author of a small poem, Prahrada Caritra, who composed his verses under his patron, King Durlabhnarayana of Kamatapur who is said to have ruled in the latter part of the 13th century. Rudra Kandali translated Drone Parva under the patronage of King Tamradhvaja of Rangpur. The most considerable poet of the pre-vaisnavite period is Madhava Kandali, who belonged to the present district of Nowgong and rendered the entire Ramayana into Assamese verse under the patronage of king Mahamanikya, a Kachari King of Jayantapura. The golden age in Assamese literature opened with the reign of Naranarayana, the Koch King. He gathered round him at his court at Cooch-Behar a galaxy of learned man. Sankaradeva real founder of Assamese literature and his favourite disciple Madhavadeva worked under his patronage. The other-best known poets and writers of this vaisnavite period namely Rama Sarasvati, Ananta Kandali, Sridhar Kandali, Sarvabhauma Bhattacharyya, Dvija Kalapachandra and Bhattadeva, the founder of the Assamese prose, all hailed from the present district of Kamarupa. During Naranaryana's reign "the Koch power reached its zenith. His kingdom included practically the whole of Kamarupa of the kings of Brahmapala's dynasty with the exception of the eastern portion known as Saumara which formed the Ahom kingdom. Towards the west the kingdom appears to have extended beyond the Karatoya, for according to Abul Fasal, the author of the Akbarnamah, the western boundary of the Koch kingdom was Tirhut. On the south-west the kingdom included the Rangpur district and part of Mymensingh to the east of the river Brahmaputra which then flowed through that district," The Kamrupi language lost its prestige due to reasons mentioned below and has now become a dialect which has been termed as Kamrupi dialect as spoken in the present district of Kamrup."
↑ Goswami, Upendranath (१९७५), Grammatical Sketches of Indian Languages With Comparative Vocabulary And Texts, Linguistic Survey of India, Census of India 1971, पृ: ३५, "Thus it is clear that Kamrupi dialect does not only claim as the mother of modern Assamese, but also that this speech continued to exert its appreciable influence on Assamese literature, both prose and poetry. It is worth mentioning here that Assamese Vocabularies may greatly be enriched by incorporation of certain important words and expressions, still in vogue in the modern district of Kamrup proper, in modern Assamese lexicon."
↑ Goswami, Upendranath (१९७०), A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese, Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati, पृ: २८, "The sub-dialectical varieties of Kamrupi may be grouped mainly into three divisions —western, central and southern. The variety spoken in the area comprising Barpeta, Sundardiya, Patbausi, Bhabani- pur etc. is western, that of Nalbari and its surrounding areas is central and that of Palasbari, Chaygong, Boko etc. is southern."
↑ Choudhury, Dr. Pratap Chandra (१९५९), The history of civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century A.D., Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati, पृ: ३९५, "The best specimens of wise sayings are contained in a work, 'Dakabhanita', attributed to Daka, written in old Kamarupi dialect. The work provides an important specimen of the ancient literature of Assam. It is, however, too early to ascribe the work to the 6th century A.D., as done by D.N. Bezbarua. It may have been composed about the 8th century A.D. It is true that Daka flourished at a time when the written literature of Assam had scarcely taken its birth. The place of the nativity of Daka is given in the work, which states that he was the native of the Lehidangara near modern Barpeta."

[1] Goswami, Upendranath (१९७०), A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese, Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati, पृ: ४, "Assam from ancient times, was known as Kamarupa till the end of the Koch rule (17th century) and ancient Kamarupa comprised the whole of North Bengal including Cooch-Behar, and the Rangpur and Jalpaiguri districts of Bengal. Its permanent western boundary is said to have been the river Karatoya in North Bengal according to the Kalika Purana and Yoginitantra, both devoted to geographical accounts of ancient Kamarupa. So the Aryan language spoken first in Assam was the Kamrupi language spoken in Rangpur, Cooch-Behar, Goalpara, Kamrup district and some parts of Nowgong and Darrang districts. As also put by K.L. Barua "the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of the Assam Valley and the whole of Northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar”. It is in this Kamrupi language that the early Assamese literature was mainly written. Up to the seventeenth century as the centre of art, literature and culture were confined within western Assam and the poets and the writers hailed from this part, the language of this part also acquired prestige. The earliest Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, the author of a small poem, Prahrada Caritra, who composed his verses under his patron, King Durlabhnarayana of Kamatapur who is said to have ruled in the latter part of the 13th century. Rudra Kandali translated Drone Parva under the patronage of King Tamradhvaja of Rangpur. The most considerable poet of the pre-vaisnavite period is Madhava Kandali, who belonged to the present district of Nowgong and rendered the entire Ramayana into Assamese verse under the patronage of king Mahamanikya, a Kachari King of Jayantapura. The golden age in Assamese literature opened with the reign of Naranarayana, the Koch King. He gathered round him at his court at Cooch-Behar a galaxy of learned man. Sankaradeva real founder of Assamese literature and his favourite disciple Madhavadeva worked under his patronage. The other-best known poets and writers of this vaisnavite period namely Rama Sarasvati, Ananta Kandali, Sridhar Kandali, Sarvabhauma Bhattacharyya, Dvija Kalapachandra and Bhattadeva, the founder of the Assamese prose, all hailed from the present district of Kamarupa. During Naranaryana's reign "the Koch power reached its zenith. His kingdom included practically the whole of Kamarupa of the kings of Brahmapala's dynasty with the exception of the eastern portion known as Saumara which formed the Ahom kingdom. Towards the west the kingdom appears to have extended beyond the Karatoya, for according to Abul Fasal, the author of the Akbarnamah, the western boundary of the Koch kingdom was Tirhut. On the south-west the kingdom included the Rangpur district and part of Mymensingh to the east of the river Brahmaputra which then flowed through that district," The Kamrupi language lost its prestige due to reasons mentioned below and has now become a dialect which has been termed as Kamrupi dialect as spoken in the present district of Kamrup."

[2] Goswami, Upendranath (१९७५), Grammatical Sketches of Indian Languages With Comparative Vocabulary And Texts, Linguistic Survey of India, Census of India 1971, पृ: ३५, "Thus it is clear that Kamrupi dialect does not only claim as the mother of modern Assamese, but also that this speech continued to exert its appreciable influence on Assamese literature, both prose and poetry. It is worth mentioning here that Assamese Vocabularies may greatly be enriched by incorporation of certain important words and expressions, still in vogue in the modern district of Kamrup proper, in modern Assamese lexicon."

[3] Goswami, Upendranath (१९७०), A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese, Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati, पृ: २८, "The sub-dialectical varieties of Kamrupi may be grouped mainly into three divisions —western, central and southern. The variety spoken in the area comprising Barpeta, Sundardiya, Patbausi, Bhabani- pur etc. is western, that of Nalbari and its surrounding areas is central and that of Palasbari, Chaygong, Boko etc. is southern."

[4] Choudhury, Dr. Pratap Chandra (१९५९), The history of civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century A.D., Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati, पृ: ३९५, "The best specimens of wise sayings are contained in a work, 'Dakabhanita', attributed to Daka, written in old Kamarupi dialect. The work provides an important specimen of the ancient literature of Assam. It is, however, too early to ascribe the work to the 6th century A.D., as done by D.N. Bezbarua. It may have been composed about the 8th century A.D. It is true that Daka flourished at a time when the written literature of Assam had scarcely taken its birth. The place of the nativity of Daka is given in the work, which states that he was the native of the Lehidangara near modern Barpeta."

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